And I believe the disparity in opinions on this subject stems from the fact that, taking Europe into account on a larger scale, there was not the time in history during which gun-ownership fused itself the the daily life of the common man the way it did in the discovery and "taming" of the continental USA.
That was definitely part of it, but the tradition of arms ownership and the concepts of individual right to self-defense and resistance to tyranny actually go back to England and ancient Rome and Greece.
The Greek city-states were in constant war with each other, but also had debates about the ideal way a state should be structured. Plato, student of Socrates, argued that the ideal form of a state was one in which the people were ruled by a professional class of elites, i.e. the "philosopher-kings," and the arms were kept in a centralized location. He talks about his ideal form of state in his work "The Republic." Aristotle, his student, broke with him completely on this, arguing that the ideal form of a society should be a constitutional democracy, where everyone possesses arms, arguing that if only one class of people possesses arms, then everyone else is at risk of coming under the mercy of that class.
In Athens, the citizens were to be armed as well to protect the city-state itself. Of course at the time, "citizen" was a specific class, as it did not include slaves or women, but we are talking about the development of the concepts we widely accept today. In ancient Rome, which adopted much of the knowledge created by the Greeks, there was understood in Roman law to be a right to self-defense. In addition, Cicero, Roman lawyer and politician, staunch defender of the Roman Republic, and considered one of the greatest orators in Rome and in history, was an advocate for the right to resist tyrannies and an advocate for the right to self-defense. He argues for this in his Defense of Titus Annius Milo.
Later on, Thomas Aquinas, who played a large role in the rediscovering of Aristotle and basically created a Christian version of Aristotle, spoke of the right to resist tyranny in his Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard. One of the confusing parts for Christians over the centuries has been Romans 13: 1-7, which many interpret as saying that one must submit to all forms of governmental authority, no matter what, and not doing so is a sin. Christian pastors in Germany, during the Nazis, for example, said refusing obedience to the Nazis would be against God. Aquinas addressed Romans 13, basically saying that one has no obligation to obey a tyranny.
Then in addition there was England. England being an island nation, its politics developed differently from the continental European systems, where absolute monarchy ruled. In England, by contrast, the people there had been fighting off invaders for many years. Rome struggled to maintain control in England, for example, and then after the fall of the Western Roman empire, certain tribes took control and established kingdoms, and then eventually a check on the power of the monarch occurred, starting with the Magna Carta. One of the very unique facets of the English was in the development of the very lethal weapon of the time, the longbow, and the English people's adoption of it.
Now the longbow was a serious weapon. A draw resistance of about 120-140 lbs and shot big, heavy arrows, that could penetrate the heaviest, thickest armor of the time. A force of longbowmen could stop an army of knights. The longbowmen at Agincourt, for example, slaughtered the French knights. The English longbowmen, however, consisted of peasants. Not only were peasants able to possess longbows, but their training with them was encouraged and also required by law. All fighting age males capable of bearing arms had to practice regularly with the longbow. Now in comparison to the continental European nations, this was UNHEARD OF. The ways known to maintain a monarchy are to disarm the people (and stifle speech). You do not allow the people to possess weapons, and you ESPECIALLY do not REQUIRE them to become well-trained in the primary weapon that could allow a force of peasants to slaughter a force of professional knights. So England had a big tradition of fighting off invaders, checking dictatorships (both legally and by force of arms), and of private possession of arms.
This caused problems of course, as England still had monarchs (albeit more limited) who sought to increase their power constantly which created constant tension with the English people. This led to a revolt against the Stuarts in the 1600s because they had tried to disarm the English people.
Anyhow, fast-forward to the forming of what is today the United States, and most of the original colonists were English. They brought with them English concepts, including the concept of a right to self-defense and private possession of arms by the people. In addition, arms were essential to survival, as they had to completely build a whole new society from scratch. Then, like their English forebears, they got tired of being ruled, and decided to throw off control of their rulers (England), and so fought a war and won independence. Much of this was also inspired by Romans 13:1-7, in which many Christian leaders at the time argued to the American colonists that it was not any sin to fight the English for independence, because the English dictatorship was not authority of God (adopting Aquinas's argument). Also, the Bible is replete with stories of peoples fighting tyrannies. The Protestant Reformation also played a huge role in all this as well, but that's a whole other subject.
Some of the critical philosophers that highly influenced the Founders, including the guys mentioned above, were Algernon Sydney, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, John Milton, William Blackstone (English jurist), and Charles Montesquieu. Sydney, Locke, Hobbes, Blackstone, and Montesquieu all argued for an individual right to self-defense, and Milton (also known for poetry) argued for resistance theory (right to resist tyranny). The English Whigs overall, (it was said that the majority of Americans were by outlook Whigs) supported the right to arms.
Thomas Jefferson said that the four most influential philosophers in the writing of the Declaration of Independence were Aristotle, Cicero, Algernon Sydney, and John Locke. All four supported the concept of possession of arms by the people for self-defense and to check a tyranny.
England in the 20th century went a good deal socialist-leaning and gave up its right to arms as well, as did much of the rest of Europe and other Western nations where the concept of private possession of arms was never strong to begin with. The United States, by contrast, continues the tradition of having possession of arms by the people as a fundamental right, both of individual self-defense and to check a tyranny, which as said is grounded in ancient Greece, Rome, England, and Christianity, four things that were HUGELY influential in the development of America and still looked to today.