Another scattered,disconnectd,confuzing whizzing contest to answer the OP's simple beginner question.
OP,there are degrees of precision. It has to be "good enough" to get good,safe results. There is more than one way to get there,and more than one level of acceptable results.
Worst is working blind,with no standard. !/4 turn of your die is approx. .018. We'd like to work closer than that.
Over time,you may want to pursue whatever the "ultimate" is for setback,or more correctly,"head clearance". The often quoted number for a bolt gun is .002. That's nice,and you can do it.
You already have two fine,useful standards. One is your rifle. Its a bit clumsy to use,but it is the last word.
The other is your case length bushing gauge. You said you have one. Read the directions. Do you see the Hi/Low step? If you size your brass so a straight edge shows you between those steps,your brass is SAAMI spec,and good enough to be a factory load. You CAN leave it at that. In any case,you need to learn the paper clip probe trick,and monitor your brass for stretch rings.You now have a good,workable standard.If you have more than one rifle,the ammo ought to work.This would be the K>I>S>S> method with the tools you have(assuming calipers)
If you want to refine this a bit,no problem. There are several ways.Here is one good one that does not demand $. Use your bushing gauge,start a little long,and advance the die 1/32 of a turn (just about .0025 ) at a time.Find the spot where your brass just closes in the chamber with no crush.
Now,drop that case in your bushing gauge and measure over the bushing die and cartridge case assembled. Subtract .002,and write that number inside your die box with a sharpie.
From now on,set that die to that rifle by hitting that measurement over the gauge and case. Note,if your brass needs trimming,it will stick out and mess this up.
Now,your original question. I had a similar "Aww,Do-Do-" moment.I bought a brand new Elliot 30-06 AI reamer AND sprung for the floating reamer holder.
Built the rifle and fired it. Rings,more pronounced than yours. AhhhrggH!!
With gauge pins,I measured the chamber. I mic'd the reamer. Same size. Floating holder worked good. I checked chamber drawings. Right on.
I measured cartridge cases against the drawing for the 30-06 brass. All of it was .005 undersize.
In other words,no worries. Yours look good.
Do get you brass clean before you size