"Black powder is highly UNstable.
Over time the total power will degrade, yeah, but some will turn into something a lot like "primer". Drop that thing off a shelf and it very well might kill multiple people."
Black powder is VERY stable long-term.
It is a mechanical mixture of three items. It is their proximity that permits them to function. Time will not make black powder less stable, but water contamination can make black powder even MORE stable by dissolving the potassium or sodium nitrate and moving it out of proximity with the sulfur and the charcoal, but that requires long soaking and simply cannot be counted on.
Potassium nitrate, even if it forms crystals, is completely inert. In black powder it is the oxidizer, providing oxygen to the burning mixture.
One historic (for several hundred years) use for potassium nitrate is as a food additive for cured meats. It is a very potent bactericide and is especially effective at preventing the growth of the bacteria that can result in botulism poisoning.
Because of known health issues, including those sensitive to nitrites, it's being used less and less as a food additive.
Time fuses of the civil war era were either mechanical (clock) or train fire in which the flame wash from the main charge started the powder train (very finely ground and very densely packed black powder) burning.
These fuses can remain viable indefinitely, although the clock fuses were generally a lot less reliable and not as widely used.
Percussion fuses, used on shells (never on round balls) used a large percussion cap and a sliding hammer inside the fuse to detonate. These can also be viable for extremely long periods of time. If the hammer as rusted into place it makes it something more inert, but certainly doesn't make it safe.