After moving up from my Red Ryder pop gun, Dad armed me with a 700 ADL in .243Win, with a 4x Weaver. That rifle became my 3rd arm. When I aimed correctly, I always put meat in the freezer. Dad always had me shooting Federal Premium 100gr PSP-BTs (I think they were BTs). When I got a bit older, I started trying to make neck shots, or not blow both front shoulders out, and I had to track a few.
I then requested permission to move up to a bigger caliber. That's when Dad moved me to the Parker-Hale (in sig), shooting the same thing as he did: .30-06. Again, when I do my part and make a good shot, it never fails to do its job. I use Remington Core-Lokt 150gr PSPs. Dad hunts with a pre-64 Model 70 Featherweight with a Weaver. He hunts with handloads that emulate M2 ball ammunition, with the exception of using 50grs of IMR4895 instead of the listed amount.
So for me, having only hunted with two of the listed calibers, I would vote for .30-06, simply because I can hunt bigger game than whitetail with it.