Just some simple ballistic facts to share.

And how quickly steel poppers might go down has no direct relationship to wounding effectiveness.
Repeating it over and over won't make it true, momentum certainly has a direct relationship on a bullets ability to wound.

That's a fair point, but my interpretation so far hasn't been that people are arguing that there is no difference, but that the difference that exists isn't significant.
Actually whenever the discussion of terminal ballistics come up many people talk in absolutes.
IE momentum doesn't matter and bullets need to go 2000 fps to have secondary effects from temporary cavity.
 
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And how quickly steel poppers might go down has no direct relationship to wounding effectiveness.

I personally believe you are dead wrong in that one singular statement. I understand steel popper does not equal human flesh, but momentum does matter. I've explained my position rather thoroughly, and you may think me dead wrong. No offense is intended to be given, nor will any be taken. We're both discussing principles that cannot be scientifically proven with certainty. Ballistic gel does give consistent results, but its usefulness in understanding terminal ballistics with bones, sinew, and organs in an actual body work is only slightly more relevant than how quick a steel popper falls.
 
I personally believe you are dead wrong in that one singular statement ["how quickly steel poppers might go down has no direct relationship to wounding effectiveness"].How can the behavior of steel poppers have a direct effect on wounding effectiveness, if the penetration is sufficient?

I understand steel popper does not equal human flesh, but momentum does matter.
Well, to the extent that momentum is one factor in penetration, I would agree.
 
...momentum certainly has a direct relationship on a bullets ability to wound.
Of course--in terms of penetration.

And momentum is what makes steel poppers go down--by a different mechanism.

But we may be talking past each other. Are you visualizing some kind of "knock down power", or are you referring to penetration?
 
No we're not talking past each other, as I believe momentum is more than just potential for penetration. I don't know that I would term it "knock down power" as no handgun or common rifle caliber has true knock down power. Let's call it shock affect for lack of better term. I have given examples of the concept, albeit extreme examples.

Much of it also has to with potential for bullet construction, as you have pointed out. This has negligable relevance when comparing 9mm vs 45... But controlled expansion in a 40 gn 223 round is difficult to achieve due its sectional density. That's why it could never be a large game round... It doesn't matter if you could push it 5000 fps. It will either have to be made to not expand at all, and thus will likely go clean through causing less damage, or it will all but disintegrate before it can penetrate.

And momentum still counts for more than just penetration. Another extreme example... Getting beat with a ball bat vs a cane. They choose a cane in countries that still use that type of punishment because numerous blows are highly survivable. Replace it with a baseball bat, and not so much.
 
No we're not talking past each other, as I believe momentum is more than just potential for penetration.
It is, but not in terms of wounding effectiveness. If you believe otherwise, I simply do not understand what it is that you think that it might involved. We are not putting the target into motion in a defensive shooting, and that's what momentum is all about.

I don't know that I would term it "knock down power" as no handgun or common rifle caliber has true knock down power. Let's call it shock affect for lack of better term.
Many people have believed that in the abstract, without really thinking about it. Keep in mind that in terms of momentum, the projectile is imparts no more "shock" to the target than the firearm imparts to the shooter.

But controlled expansion in a 40 gn 223 round is difficult to achieve due its sectional density. That's why it could never be a large game round... It doesn't matter if you could push it 5000 fps.
All true---and irrelevant.

And momentum still counts for more than just penetration.
In wounding effectiveness? How?

Momentum comes into play in collisions between objects in an isolated system-that is, when the objects are free to move without constraint. An example is hitting a popper with a bullet or a baseball. Momentum from the projectile is imparted to the hinged steal plate, causing the plate to move, and causing the movement of the projectile to change. But there isn't enough momentum involved in shooting a plate to hurt anyone seriously.

When an object moves through something that behaves like a gas or fluid and moves the particles--ie, when it puts the particles into motion, we see the use of momentum. We see that when a rotor blade or fixed airfoil moves through air. Conservation of momentum causes lift, and it causes drag that slows the blade. Variation in densities of the air at different temperatures effectively changes the mass in the equation and changes how much lift an drag are created.

When we break bone, however, we are not concerned with the conservation of momentum. We are concernedd with overcoming shear strength, compression strength, and tensile strength. Doing so consumes energy.

Anyone who has spent much time conducting experiments in a materials lab will understand that.

Well, almost anyone. I learned all of that in school well enough pass handily, but for years I still somehow labored under the impression that there would be some kind of "shock effect" at work were I to fire my .45 in the gravest extreme.

Getting beat with a ball bat vs a cane. They choose a cane in countries that still use that type of punishment because numerous blows are highly survivable. Replace it with a baseball bat, and not so much.
Can't see the analogy.
 
It is, but not in terms of wounding effectiveness. If you believe otherwise, I simply do not understand what it is that you think that it might involved.

You actually say it yourself quite well right here...

Many people have believed that in the abstract, without really thinking about it. Keep in mind that in terms of momentum, the projectile is imparts no more "shock" to the target than the firearm imparts to the shooter.

Since 9mm is so soft recoiling that it provides for infinitely faster follow up shots, obviously it imparts less "shock" on the shooter than does 45. In addition to this, this "shock" is met by the resistance of the surface area and weight of the firearm. Shooting a .380 out of an LCP isn't exactly pleasant. Think of shooting 9mm out of it. Then 45. This same shock is transferred to a target once the projectile hits. Except the surface area is only the size of the projectile, and the resistance of human flesh obviously is not equal to that of the firearm recoiling that the shot was fired from.

Momentum comes into play in collisions between objects in an isolated system-that is, when the objects are free to move without constraint. An example is hitting a popper with a bullet or a baseball. Momentum from the projectile is imparted to the hinged steal plate, causing the plate to move, and causing the movement of the projectile to change. But there isn't enough momentum involved in shooting a plate to hurt anyone seriously.

This is irrelevant, and momentum is not limited to an isolated system.


And I digress. We are not going to agree and that is fine. I don't know why I argue my point as I personally feel that 9mm is plenty adequate... and given the platform advantages that 9mm has over 45 (capacity, weight, recoil) it is difficult to side with the notion that 45's greater wounding capability makes it a superior caliber to the 9mm. The only purpose in expressing my opinion is there are clearly some who believe the wounding effectiveness, shock effect, "knock down power," or whatever other term we choose to use of 45acp is statistically insignificant when comparing it with 9mm when excluding all other factors such as platform traits (capacity, etc.). I reject this notion, firmly. And this is without even touching the expanded size of 45, which in the best case scenarios for both rounds in the lucky gunner test 45acp beats 9mm by 35%. And this is also when momentum comes into play still. Momentum will keep the greater surface area of a larger expanded projectile penetrating when a projectile with similar k/e, but less momentum, will stop with the same surface area.
 
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Since 9mm is so soft recoiling that it provides for infinitely faster follow up shots, obviously it imparts less "shock" on the shooter than does 45.
Right.

That was demonstrated to me rather convincingly the first time I took a .45 to a high performance defensive pistol training session. The sound of my bullets hitting the steel target was impressive, but the trainees with 9mm pistols could shoot much faster.

This same shock is transferred to a target once the projectile hits.
In other words, the sum of the momenta of the firearm and the target after impact is equal to what it was before.

Except the surface area is only the size of the projectile, and the resistance of human flesh obviously is not equal to that of the firearm recoiling that the shot was fired from.
Thus, the bullet penetrates the flesh.

The importance of that fact was demonstrated in an educational law enforcement video a number of years ago. A police officer wearing a bulletproof vest was shot at point blank range by a man firing a 7.62MM FAL rifle, The several bullets did not penetrate, and the "target" was not affected at all. Didn't even frown.

This ["An example is hitting a popper with a bullet or a baseball. Momentum from the projectile is imparted to the hinged steel plate, causing the plate to move, and causing the movement of the projectile to change. But there isn't enough momentum involved in shooting a plate to hurt anyone seriously"] is irrelevant, and momentum is not limited to an isolated system.

It explains your observation in Post #46, and it explains why "shock" does not relate to wounding effectiveness when discussing handgun terminal ballistics.

Actually, the concept of the isolated system is very very relevant, when we examine the effects of momentum.

The only purpose in expressing my opinion is there are clearly some who believe the wounding effectiveness, shock effect, "knock down power," or whatever other term we choose to use of 45acp is statistically insignificant when comparing it with 9mm when excluding all other factors such as platform traits (capacity, etc.).
That "belief" is based on firm, objective, demonstrable, and incontrovertible scientific analysis.

I reject this notion, firmly.
I hate to put it quite this way, but I'm afraid that your "rejection" is based on an incorrect notion of how matter behaves in the real world.

You are not alone. I was once of the same opinion , even after having studied engineering and having demonstrated all of the relevant principles in the laboratory.

Why? Too much Elmer Keith, I guess, and I really had not thought about it very clearly.

In fact, and I hate to admit it, I did not really begin to grasp these concepts until I read Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness, by Special Agent Urey Patrick of the Firearms Training Unit of the FBI Academy at Quantico Virginia . Patrick explained that the concepts of shock, knock-down power, energy transfer, temporary cavity, and so on are not relevant in that context. Of course, he was not just expressing his personal opinion.

That study also explains what it is that stops a violent criminal attacker when a defensive handgun is used.

I strongly recommend reading it.

Along that line, Massad Ayoob recommends keeping a copy of Gray's Anatomy handy and studying it.

Of course, if a .257 Weatherby Magnum rifle is fired into an animal, the kinetic energy of the expanding projectile is such that other effects come into play. People used to call it "hydrostatic shock", but it sure isn't static.

I do not feel too stupid, however. I have had this discussion with several engineers and a doctor in recent months, and it came as something of a mild surprise to each of them.

But their knowledge bases were such that it took less than a minute for any of them to grasp what is involved and to smile about it.
 
The frontal slam of a .45 cal bullet compared to a 9mm is like comparing getting hit with a sledge hammer to a ball peen.
 
A police officer wearing a bulletproof vest was shot at point blank range by a man firing a 7.62MM FAL rifle, The several bullets did not penetrate, and the "target" was not affected at all. Didn't even frown.

Wait what? Have you ever been involved with any kind of real life shooting? I have, numerous as a matter of fact. Getting hit with a HANDGUN round in soft armor hurts like hell. It feels like having a 90mph fastball hitting you in the chest. A 7.62 FAL will penetrate soft armor every time. Every single time. And you very well may be dead. A 7.62 FAL will not penetrate a SAPI plate, and most SAPI plates sit in front of soft armor. SAPI plates are very effective at distributing that very small (7.62mm, to be exact) area of impact over the entire area of the SAPI plate, beacuse it is not soft armor. It is a SAPI "plate." They usually run about 10" x14" or so. That force would normally be distributed over an area less than .1 square inches... Hence its ability to penetrate flesh quite well. A SAPI plate distributes this over an area at least 1400 times larger. It will hurt much less as the energy is distributed across a much greater surface area. Serves the same purpose as a baseball catchers pads, or helmet for that matter.

That "belief" is based on firm, objective, demonstrable, and incontrovertible scientific analysis.

Your one "incontrovertible scientific analysis" reference cites a few peer reviewed studies, but mostly just other opinion pieces. To be fair he does use some scholarly articles, but he himself has not conducted any peer review study and his book itself is an opinion reference and compilation of other opinions and some peer reviewed studies (which are older, i have not read, and referenced data has no doubtedly been cherry picked from). I could actually cherry pick a number of stats in that reference to prove my point. An example: To equal the force of a 9mm projectile, a one pound weight would have to be dropped from a height just shy of 6'. To equal the force of .45, it would have to be dropped from a height of over 11'. Are you telling me getting hit in the head with a one pound weight falling from 11 feet will have no greater effect than the one falling from 6 feet?

So you have yet to show me irrefutable scientific analysis.
 
In just the last decade or two engineers have really improved the designs and performance of the bullets (projectiles). All things being equal - - something that does not happen in real life - - where you have a Fed HST 9mm+P 150 grain moving at 900fps bullet impact the same exact place on a perp after passing thru a windshield or wall stud and then duplicate exactly the circumstances with a Fed HST .45acp+P 230 grain moving at 900fps I would have to give the nod to the .45.

But let's go ahead and drop the 9mm Fed HST weight and do the same comparison with a lighter .45
Fed HST 9mm +P 124 grain bullet posts 1150fps
Fed Hydra Shok or Guard Dog 45acp 160 grain bullet posts approx 1100fps

Again all things being equal - - premium ammo with premium bullets - - a bigger meplat, and a heavier bullet have got to give the .45 the edge in numbers on paper.

There is no magic bullet or magic caliber, will those numbers translate off the page and into a "significant difference" in the real world, probably not. Could that little bit of extra energy give you an edge, maybe it could. Shot placement is king shoot what you shoot best!
 
It will hurt much less as the energy is distributed across a much greater surface area.
Of course.

And it will hurt a lot more if the bullet penetrates into the body.

But the distribution of force and the effect of momentum are two entirely different things.

Your one "incontrovertible scientific analysis" reference cites a few peer reviewed studies, but mostly just other opinion pieces. To be fair he does use some scholarly articles, but he himself has not conducted any peer review study and his book itself is an opinion reference and compilation of other opinions...
Baloney! How would you know about who has reviewed the report?

In the Forward, Mr. John C. Hall, Unit Chief of the Firearms Training Unit of the FBI Academy, states "This article brings together what is believed to be the most credible information regarding wound ballistics. It ... provides common-sense, scientifically supportable, principles by which the effectiveness of law enforcement ammunition may be measured. ... The content is credible and practical. The information contained in this article is not offered as the final word on wound ballistics. It is, however, an important contribution to what should be an ongoing discussion of this most important of issues."

(Emphasis added)

It is not an article in a gun magazine.

Your argument seems to be "I reject this notion, firmly".

To equal the force of a 9mm projectile, a one pound weight would have to be dropped...
Patrick was speaking of impulse--mass times velocity--not force. Force is mass times acceleration.

Are you telling me getting hit in the head with a one pound weight falling from 11 feet will have no greater effect than the one falling from 6 feet?
Of course not, and I have no idea how you have might have inferred that.

I will tell you that the momentum of the .45 really does not hurt very much when I fire the gun, and the same momentum, less that of the powder gases, is what is imparted to the bullet. That, and no more.

And unless the bullet passes though the target, it is what is imparted to the target.

As Patrick put it, "this is simple physics, and has been known for hundreds of years".

It is tissue damage--aka penetration--that results in a physical stop, not "shock" imparted by the bullet.

Sometime back, someone suggested thinking of the effect of a handgun bullet as that of a metal poker being forced quickly into the body. For those of us who had grown up thinking in terms of "knockdown power", "shock", and/or "energy transfer", that sounded strange indeed. At first, it just did not ring true.

But it is really a very good analogy.
 
Baloney! How would you know about who has reviewed the report?

I actually did come across as overly harsh. None-the-less Mr. Patrick did not himself conduct any scientific process to write his book, he cited the work of others. Furthermore, this was written in 1987. This was the era of Lethal Weapon and Rambo, and the myth of "knockdown power" (as in the bullet physically forces the target back upon impact) was very much still rampant at the time. This work excels at refuting that concept. At no point have I inferred that any handgun (or even rifle) round will physically force you back or knock you down. If that were the case, the police officer hit with a 7.62 round would have fallen over regardless of how the impulse was distributed over a greater area.

Furthermore, the FBI was testing 10mm due to the perceived weakness of 9mm at the exact same time this book was written. Ultimately the FBI decided that 10mm was too much recoil for many agents. This book may have aided in "selling" the idea that 9mm wasn't so bad after all (which it isn't).

I will tell you that the momentum of the .45 really does not hurt very much when I fire the gun, and the same momentum, less that of the powder gases, is what is imparted to the bullet.

There is no momentum imparted on you when you fire a .45, as the projectile is not in motion at the onset. Force is applied, measured in mass times acceleration. It is not the same.

Patrick was speaking of impulse--mass times velocity--not force. Force is mass times acceleration.

And a textbook definition of impulse is the change in momentum. Impulse is synonym of Shock, which is the term I initially used when I stated that there was no such thing as "knockdown" power.

Quote:
Are you telling me getting hit in the head with a one pound weight falling from 11 feet will have no greater effect than the one falling from 6 feet?

Of course not, and I have no idea how you have might have inferred that.

So we agree that the Impulse, using the correct term this time, will be greater from 45 striking a target than it will from 9mm. Using the same example that Mr. Patrick used to describe the difference between the two you concur that a 1 pound weight dropped from 11 feet will impart greater impulse than one dropped from 6... which is his description of the difference between 9mm and 45 (I am taking him at his word, I have not done the math on that).


And we are in the weeds now, as I cede that there is no proof that impulse has any affect on wounding ability. I personally believe that it does, and it is there and greater in 45acp than 9mm, none-the-less. There is also no scientific proof that impulse plays no affect, nor can there be. There are simply too many variables to control in reviewing case studies of prior shootings, and on top of it we obviously cannot conduct a scientific study by shooting real people with real projectiles. This is why I reject the notion that there is any irrefutable scientific evidence that suggests 45acp has no wounding capacity difference than 9mm. Massad Ayoob himself was quite critical of any effort to draw a single conclusion from scientific research in this arena, as there is no valid way to conduct the research and control all variables. Inferences can be drawn, but inference is far from irrefutable scientific proof.
 
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And I will say Mr. Marksman, at a minimum this discussion as challenged me to actually read some of case study science that has been conducted over the years. Call it a personal quest. I will happily post relevant findings, whether for or against my argument. I suspect I will find both, and it will be inconclusive, much like our debate;)
 
5whiskey said:
So we agree that the Impulse, using the correct term this time, will be greater from 45 striking a target than it will from 9mm. Using the same example that Mr. Patrick used to describe the difference between the two you concur that a 1 pound weight dropped from 11 feet will impart greater impulse than one dropped from 6... which is his description of the difference between 9mm and 45 (I am taking him at his work, I have not done the math on that).

It appears that we're back to arguing about how many angels can dance on the point of a pin.

It seems to me that where the bullet ends up, whether it's 9mm or .45, and the structures it disrupts getting there (bone, tissue, organ, artery, CNS, is far more important than the IMPULSE that got it there. I'd argue that the force driving the bullet forward is important only if it is insufficient to cause the bullet to penetrate deeply enough to hit a key CNS, organ or bone structure (such as the pelvis, a femur, the bones in a shooter's arm or hand), etc. Otherwise the fight CAN (but may not) continue.

If both a larger (.45) round and a smaller (9mm) round penetrate deeply enough, the larger caliber round can do more damage by disrupting more tissue, but more tissue disrupted/damaged may not matter unless it includes contact with critical components in the body. It appears that MOST self-defense rounds do that.

Using a .45 doesn't mean the shooter will be more accurate or more lucky, and using a 9mm also doesn't mean the extra rounds possible with a 9mm will go where they need to go if they are used.
 
None-the-less Mr. Patrick did not himself conduct any scientific process to write his book, he cited the work of others.
He conducted no scientific experiments himself.

Summarizing and drawing conclusions from the work of others is part of the scientific processes.

Furthermore, this was written in 1987.
Right. What has changed since that time resides in the realm of ammunition development.

In addition, a lot of work has been done in evaluating the performance of pistol shooters using different loads.

... the myth of "knockdown power" (as in the bullet physically forces the target back upon impact) was very much still rampant at the time
It would seem that it still is.

This work excels at refuting that concept.
Patrick did make that point, among many others.

At no point have I inferred that any handgun (or even rifle) round will physically force you back or knock you down.
No.

You have tried to draw conclusions from how different pistol bullets knock down poppers--an irrelevant subject.

If that were the case, the police officer hit with a 7.62 round would have fallen over regardless of how the impulse was distributed over a greater area.
Precisely!

Furthermore, the FBI was testing 10mm due to the perceived weakness of 9mm at the exact same time this book was written. Ultimately the FBI decided that 10mm was too much recoil for many agents. This book may have aided in "selling" the idea that 9mm wasn't so bad after all (which it isn't).
In 1987, few experts would have concluded that the 9mm loads available at the time were necessarily ideal for use in defensive handguns.

That would have to wait for another day, after considerable improvement in the performance of premium bonded jacket hollow point bullets had occurred.

There is no momentum imparted on you when you fire a .45, as the projectile is not in motion at the onset. Force is applied, measured in mass times acceleration. It is not the same.
When the projectile is not in motion, there are no forces, acceleration, momenta, or velocity involved.

The thing that makes the gun move is force, and that force results from the conservation of momentum.

And a textbook definition of impulse is the change in momentum.
True. And when the momentum of an object starts out as zero, the momentum after a reaction is the same as the change in momentum.

And we are in the weeds now, as I cede that there is no proof that impulse has any affect on wounding ability.
Alrighty then.

I personally believe that it does, and it is there and greater in 45acp than 9mm, none-the-less.
Do you have any basis at all for your personal belief?

There is also no scientific proof that impulse plays no affect, nor can there be.
Right. One cannot prove a negative.

There are simply too many variables to control in reviewing case studies of prior shootings, and on top of it we obviously cannot conduct a scientific study by shooting real people with real projectiles.
Not only that, there are no case studies to provide any data whatsoever on the speed at which incapacitation occurred; the variable of the effects of psychology cannot be evaluated separately; and there is no really good mechanism to determine which of several hits may have had what effect in incapacitating the target.

This is why I reject the notion that there is any irrefutable scientific evidence that suggests 45acp has no wounding capacity difference than 9mm.
Fine. Go ahead and believe that it does. Do you think the difference is material?

It does seem very counterintuitive when one observes the (slight) difference in expanded diameter , but the authoritative publications currently being relied upon as the preeminent source tell us thatcher is no discernible differences between the wounding effecst of today's premium 9mm defensive loads and the .40 and the .45. Perhaps they meant "material" differences, but that is not what they said.

Of course, that is only part of the conclusion The other part pertains to how well shooters can use handguns of different kinds.

Rob Pincus, who had even carrying a .40 and before that, a .45, put it this way:

"Physics dictates that the 9mm is going to be a more manageable round (lower recoil) than the .40 S&W out of any particular firearm. So, no matter how much you train and how much you practice, everyone should be able to shoot a string of Combat Accurate 9mm rounds faster than they can fire a string of .40".​

(Emphasis added)

"Faster" means more rounds on target timely, and more rounds on target increase the probability that at least one of them will be effective.


If you can find any accepted source that objectively refutes the current FBI conclusions , we would all lime to see it.
 
I'd argue that the force driving the bullet forward is important only if it is insufficient to cause the bullet to penetrate deeply enough to hit a key CNS, organ or bone structure (such as the pelvis, a femur, the bones in a shooter's arm or hand), etc. Otherwise the fight CAN (but may not) continue.

If both a larger (.45) round and a smaller (9mm) round penetrate deeply enough, the larger caliber round can do more damage by disrupting more tissue, but more tissue disrupted/damaged may not matter unless it includes contact with critical components in the body. It appears that MOST self-defense rounds do that.

Using a .45 doesn't mean the shooter will be more accurate or more lucky, and using a 9mm also doesn't mean the extra rounds possible with a 9mm will go where they need to go if they are used.
Sounds quite reasonable.
 
It does seem very counterintuitive when one observes the (slight) difference in expanded diameter , but the authoritative publications currently being relied upon as the preeminent source tell us thatcher is no discernible differences between the wounding effecst of today's premium 9mm defensive loads and the .40 and the .45. Perhaps they meant "material" differences, but that is not what they said.

For me, this is the essence of the argument. It is absolutely counterintuitive. Nevertheless, the data seems quite conclusive. Not surprisingly, my experience is just what Rob Pincus predicts. 9 mm is an easy choice for me.

I have enjoyed the discussion here. Most of these caliber threads are not as interesteing or civil.
 
I will tell you that the momentum of the .45 really does not hurt very much when I fire the gun

You do realize that location and area effect that greatly, try putting the slide against the bridge of your nose and see if that hurts at all:rolleyes:
 
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