muzzle flash
I've been on quite a few firing lines for reduced light quals, with assorted o firearms depending on the era. BAck when the line was .357/125, that was the worst, and the flash did indeed effect your night vision, but I would not say blinded. One peculiarity was that flash varied from one brand ammo to the next. Less expensive ammo had more and dazzling type flash, higher priced less......usually. The .45 acp, especially with higher grade SD/LE ammo always had lower apparent flash, especially when compared to .357.
On most courses of fire , the first round could be managed with the night sights, or with available light such as from emergency lights. Subsequent rounds were typically fired somewhat from muscle memory with your firing "platform" as close to what you had for the first shot.
Surprisingly to me at first, reduced light shooting scores could often be higher than standard daylight scores. One reason, we did not fire 6 rds from 25 yds, which was the distance many shots got dropped. In reduced light, those 6 rds got incorporated into the 15 yd string prior. The other reason we reckoned, was with the image of the target already blurred with the light issue, folks concentrated on sights and trigger more heavily (they could not easily focus down range on the target) and so working (night) sights and trigger with more mental focus, they shot better.