I think a .357 handgun is likely to be a candidate for over-penetration, and the added velocity out of a carbine barrel is only going to make the over-penetration more likely and more severe.
This is a yes and no kind of thing. And, in a way its like the .223, penetration depends on the BULLET and the velocity.
people advise using the .223 and soft point (varmint) bullets because those bullets expand and break up rapidly on minimal resistance and so penetrate LESS than standard pistol rounds, even JHP.
HOWEVER, if the shooter isn't aware of the differences in bullet construction, and thinks "bullets is bullets" and uses FMJ then their results will be vastly different.
And, to a degree this is the case with pistol bullets from carbine barrels, though not exactly the same way. A .357 Mag carbine can drive the 125gr JHP to speeds of 2200fps. (I've done it), and at those speeds the bullet is seriously overdriven. Its going too fast for its intended controlled expansion by several hundred feet per second and tends to act like a small grenade, "detonating" on impact.
Generally the bullet fragments impressively, acting like a varmint bullet, and penetration is low to almost none, compared to that same bullet fired from a pistol. The 158s are heavier built, and hold up a bit better, though they can reach speeds in the 1800-1900fps range, and so penetrate more than the 125s.
And any kind of non-expanding slug (like hard cast SWCs) penetrate like a son of a b..gun...with the added 5-600fps a carbine gives them.
Bullet selection MATTERS.