For deer hunting you need a few calibers to make everyone happy. I don't know if .224 caliber is legal or not so I'll leave them out.
.243 Win 95-100 grain
.270 Win 130 grain
7mm-08 140 grains
.308 and .30-06 165 grain
.30-30 150-170 grain
.300 Win Mag 180 grain
There are quite a few other deer cartridges that might be floating around out there but this should be a good start. You might consider 7mm Rem Mag, .280 Rem, .260 Rem, 6.5X55, and .257 Roberts as well.
As far as rifles go I'm happy with Marlin, Ruger, Remington, Howa, and Savage as I have experience with them all. I'm an equal opportunity employer as far as choice in firearms go. I want to try Sako, Tikka, CZ, Browining, and Blaser.