What is 7.65mm?

Cartridge names are confusing.

Somewhere there's a thread called "Which Cartridges are the Same?" or something like that. It runs a number of pages discussing things like

.32 ACP is 7.65mm Browning
.380 ACP is 9mm Kurtz, 9mm Corto, 9x19mm and none are close to .380/200
.38-40 is actually 40 caliber, not 38.
and so on.

Then there's all the descriptors, like "Special", "Magnum", "Express" and "Peterlongo". Not to mention why is the ".300 Whisper" not ".30 Whisper" or ".3 Whisper"? How come ".30-30" and ".300 Whatever Magnum" have the same bore diameter? Does adding an extra zero on the end make it more powerful?

Figuring out names of cartridges as detailed and difficult as figuring out which Luger is worth more than the other. (But not as difficult as figuring out women or politicians.)
 
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