After a 37 day manhunt, S. Eizember, average height and build, fugitive and killer, kidnapped a couple at gunpoint, Doctor S. Peebles and his wife. Dr. Peebles shot the fugitive 4 times, with a 22 cal revolver, 3 hits to the chest (center of mass). The bullets did not faze Eizember, who then forcefully disarmed the doctor, all the time staying alert and angry, then pistol whipped the doctor with a 380 pistol, and then pointed his pistol at the wife and pulled the trigger, the 380 jammed, so Eizember struck the wife in the head knocking her to the pavement, leaving the couple battered and bleeding, the fugitive fled the scene, driving the Peeble's vehicle.
Eizember, tho seriously wounded, leaking blood from three 22 cal holes in his chest, continued driving, stopped at a convenience store and robbed it for medical supplies, left, continued driving, and was later finally stopped by police in a routine traffic check in Corrigan, Texas.
This is just one example of many small caliber handgun failures to stop a determined attacker.
Mousegun tactics are different, takes a skilled (or lucky) fighter to use mouseguns successfully.
“A LEO I knew advised me to treat anything smaller than .380ACP like it was pepper spray....aim for the face, use until empty…” [seeker two]
Pretty much what I tell my wife, she prefers 25 ACP.