Not trying to get in a you know what contest here. However if gunsmiths like D'Arcy Echols or Saterlee Arms re-heat treat Mauser actions to a higher Rockwell number to build on who am I to argue. Plus heat treating companies like Pac-Met and Blanchards have a good reputation for doing this to the Mauser actions without warping or cracking it.
Very interesting post and good references.
I know the carbon steels used in Mausers was slightly different from the M1903’s, but I have this data comparing these plain carbon steels used in early 03's and the nickel steel used in later 03 actions. These were early steels and nickel steel is considered an alloy steel.
Looking at data from Matweb, the low carbon steel used in these early 03 receivers is not used for complicated parts, unheated it is used for rebar, if heat treated for medium duty shafts, studs, bolts and nuts. I did a composition search and found AISI 1117-1118 steel is similar in composition to Springfield Class C steel. For 1 inch round AISI 1118 mock carburized, reheated to 1450 F, quenched, tempered. This is similar to the double heat treatment. The Ultimate strength is 103,000 psi, yield 59,300 psi, elongation at break 19%. For something similar to WD2340 Nickel steel, I found one inch round AISI 4820. For that material, mock carburized, 1450 F reheat, water quench, the ultimate strength was 163,000 psi and the yield strength was 120,000 psi, elongation at break 15%.
Today’s receivers are usually made of 4140. For a 1 in round AISI 4140 Steel, normalized at 870°C (1600°F), reheated to 845°C (1550°F), oil quenched, 260°C (500°F) temper, ultimate strength 270,000 psi, yield 240,000 psi, elongation at break 11%
You can see just from a materials standpoint, modern receivers gain a lot from modern alloy steels. The yield strength, something you always want to be below, for plain carbon steel is 103Kpsi and for 4140 it is 240 Kpsi.
A good heat treatment with additional case on the wear surfaces will probably improve an older receiver but no matter how good the heat treat of plain carbon steel it will never equal the properties of a good alloy steel.