.30-03 was issued then withdrawn in favor of the .30-06, true, but when the Army surplused the bulk of their Great War rifles, a lot of them were freshened up by chambering in .30-03 to clean up the throats and shortening the barrel to remove an ovaled muzzle.
Winchester's choice of .277 wasn't entirely "random" nor "quirky". There was a tremendous demand for rifles in Europe following the war and under the terms of Armistice most of the potential market was forbidden to own a current or former military caliber rifle. An easy work around was to swage down a 7mm bullet to .277. Plus the landscape was awash in spent USGI .30-06 cases. A .270 case formed from a .30-06 is a tad short, but still works well enough.
Winchester's choice of .277 wasn't entirely "random" nor "quirky". There was a tremendous demand for rifles in Europe following the war and under the terms of Armistice most of the potential market was forbidden to own a current or former military caliber rifle. An easy work around was to swage down a 7mm bullet to .277. Plus the landscape was awash in spent USGI .30-06 cases. A .270 case formed from a .30-06 is a tad short, but still works well enough.