It is axiomatic....
That the Military is always prepared to fight the last war. And here, last means the previous one. Part of the reason for this is the natural time lag between new ideas being recognised as worthwhile and the fielding of the actual equipment and tactics to implement the new concepts. Another reason is the natural human tendency to retain what is known and proven to work.
And then there is money. Money that democratic govts will virtually always spend on anything other than the military, if given the chance. Kings and tyrants can spend their money on their military pretty much as they please, but democracies and republics don't, and won't as long as can get away with it, or think they can.
In the past century, combat has occurred in every kind of terrain on earth, and technology has become the dominant factory driving the changing tactics to modern combat. Fixed ammunition and repeating breechloaders basically drove muzzleloaders out well before the 1800s were over, ending an era in military thinking that had gone unchanged for centuries. The next watershed is WW I, and the dominance of the machinegun. It was the machinegun that made the trench warfare of WW I so costly in terms of lives. Artillery played its part, but trenches and artillery had been around for quite a while (even if not as efficient), and even sieges, but the static trench warfare of WW I was due to the effectiveness of the machinegun holding troops in the killing zone for arty, as well as the machine guns themselves. WW I made such an impression on certain military thinkers that when the technology became available, the Blitzkrieg was born. WWII validated the concept, and refined it to the combined arms doctrine we endorse today. Along the way we have rejected a number of weapons as not being "useful" in modern combat, and accepted others, without anything more than the pet theory of the day to base the decision on. That and politics, one of the biggest components of which is money.
The 5.56mm round (no matter what you think of it) is not dead, and not going to die in the foreseeable future, simply because of the tremendous investment we have made in it over the last 4 decades. Same thing may be said about the AR rifles. Even if something demonstrably superior is developed, unless it is a quantum leap forward, it will not be adoped as a general issue item for the simple reasons of cost and inertia. The best thing for the troops, in terms of effectiveness downrange will always take a backseat to what currently works and is already in their hands, until enough people in power change their minds. And that don't happen very often, even today.