apparently, the tests I read are BS, or misrepresented, or something. A 1911 can fire from about a meter.
That brings up a good point. The fact that a firearm is in current manufacture doesn't necessarily qualify the gun as a "modern firearm" if it is an old design which has not been updated to reflect modern firearm safety standards.
Most handguns without a firing pin safety can fire from being dropped muzzle down from a sufficient height, some of them even with a manual safety applied. The momentum developed by the firing pin in that situation can be enough to cause it to continue to move forward at impact, even against a restraining spring, and detonate the primer. Without something blocking/restraining the firing pin, a muzzle down impact on a hard surface from a high enough drop will result in a bang.
To put myself in the spotlight, I have had a negligent discharge. It was with a S&W 5903. That's a pistol that has a manual safety, a DA trigger pull, and a magazine disconnect. Pretty much all the safety features under the sun.
The most common cause of unintentional discharge is intentionally pulling the trigger on an "unloaded" gun. There's no safety mechanism that can save a person from that mistake.
That is why I will always differentiate from a negligent and an accidental discharge.
MOST unintentional discharges result from negligence, but ALL are accidental.
Unintentional, accidental and negligent are all words that have established definitions which means that there should be no need to rehash this over and over. These threads should be focused on learning lessons from the situation, not on discussions about the meanings of words whose meanings aren't in question.
Unintentional just means that something happened even though it wasn't intended to happen. It is the opposite of intentional. It carries no negative connotation. Accidental means the same thing--an incident which occurred without intent.
Negligent means that ordinary/proper care was not taken in the course of some activity. It has nothing to do with intent or lack of intent. It carries a connotation of guilt, culpability and liability. Negligence is ONLY about whether or not proper care was taken. Negligence can occur during intentional AND unintentional/accidental actions.
Discharges can be intentional or unintentional/accidental. They can be negligent or non-negligent. One can tell what kind they are by using the established definitions for the terms 'negligent' and 'unintentional'/'accidental' and comparing those definitions to the circumstances of the discharge.
An example of a non-negligent unintentional/accidental discharge would be if a part failed in a firearm under circumstances where there was no reasonable way to predict or prevent the failure. Not a common occurrence, to be sure, but it does happen.