Someone said long ago that the reason the 9mm remains so popular is because of the guns it is offered in.
9mm guns are extremely ergonomic, compact etc.
It was stated and argued that the .45 was possibly a better cartridge, but people picked the 9mm for the gun.
So, someone had the bright idea to stuff a larger bore bullet in the 9mm, and it has proven to be very popular.
Is it really better? I don't know, is 50 or so foot pounds of energy and 1mm of diameter really going to make the difference? I doubt it. I have a 9mm on my hip right now and I can shoot it extremely well.
As has been said before, so far no study has ever proven that any of the rounds above 9mm are any more effective. Look at the sites linked above and you will find not a bit of evidence to show that there is any distinct advantage to using anything over a 9mm. There is a little advantage, and I will argue all day long that the .357 Sig is an outstanding round and that nothing compares to a full sized 10mm, but what do I have on my hip? A 9mm right now and I feel very well armed.
Any doubts about the 9mm being effective have been aleviated by current designs.
But, the .40 is a great round! In compact guns it has been well established to outperform the .45, which for some reason just does not fare very well in compact guns. Probably because .40 loads are designed for a 4 inch barrel and .45 loads are designed for a 5 inch barrel (look at manufacturer data). So, with the compact .40 you are keeping within the limits of it's design and it still performs like it is suppoed to ballistically. Shoot a .45 out of a 3.5 inch barrel and it is not designed for that range and it does not perform. Look at Shawn Dodson's site that is linked and you see that the subcompact .40 performs beautifully in gelatin and the subcompact .45 fails.
Not meaning to start arguments with the .45 lovers. Just realize thatin a compact .45 you are probably shooting what is effectively ball ammo because it will not expand. On the other hand, the .40 will perform extremely well.
So, the advantages of the .40 over the .45 show up when you are picking compact guns.
The more I study though, the less I am convinced that anything really works much better than a well designed 124 gr +p 9mm.
All the defensive calibers penetrate, and expand about the same and they all rate about the same in the M&S OSS charts.