2nd Circuit upholds illegal stop

Similarly, many of those same activities would be the basis of criminal charges if performed by a non-LEO. Would you be willing to subject police officers to both criminal and civil charges for every violation of someone's rights where it didn't result in a conviction?

Like what? When a bailbondsman kicks in a door to arrest a violator? Ever see any of them charged? Teachers searching lockers in school without the students' consent? Store security guards going through your packages? Your mechanic turing over a kilo of cocaine that he found under your seat? The maid taking a picture of the pot plant growing in your basement? Ever see any of those people charged?

I'd be willing to subject a police officers to civil sanctions when a court determines that the search was unconstitutional. Same goes for criminal if the court determines that the search or seizure was malicious even IF there was a conviction. Whether or not there was a conviction has nothing to do with it. As far as the OTHER spectrum of police behavior on unconstitutional searches/seizures when they're not acting in "relative" good faith (I use the term "relative" instead of "legal" good faith because if the good faith is "legal" we wouldn't have a problem even under the current exclusionary rule because of the "good faith" exception) there are plenty of cops prosecuted criminally for their illegal actions.
 
gb, you are confusing the facts.
1) The stop was determined to be unreasonable, not unlawful.
2) The dope found was not found on Swindle, remember he chucked it out of his window while driving.

Hidari decision stated that the show of force (activated lights and siren) enjoining Hidari to halt was not complied with, therefor Hidari never was seized until he was actually tackled. So, the cocaine that Hidari chucked while he was running was admissable b/c Hidari had not yet been seized, and therefore not fruit of a seizure.

Same thing here. B/C Swindle had not complied with the show of force, he had not been seized. Therefor, the dope he chucked out of his window was prior to his seizure (arrest), and therefor admissable. Essentially, the evidence was abandoned and witnessed to have been in the possesion of Swindle.
 
gb, you are confusing the facts.
1) The stop was determined to be unreasonable, not unlawful.
2) The dope found was not found on Swindle, remember he chucked it out of his window while driving.

Wait a minute....Am I to understand that the police tried to stop the guy but he took off and dropped some contraband in flight? I don't know why we're even aguing after reading this!!! This is not new legal ground at all!!!...If the police try to stop you unconstitutionally and you run and toss dope and the cops seize the dope and then arrest you, it's perfectly proper!!! You are not seized until you are either physically grabbed or you voluntarily comply with the cops' demands to stop!!! Hell yes this arrest was constitutional! I can drive through the ghetto whenever I want and flip my lights on to see who runs, then chase them to see what comes flying out of their pockets!!! God, did I just waste a bunch of my time!!! I need to read this stuff more closely...I just wanted to argue about the exclusionary rule.....

Sorry all, there is not even an exclusionary rule issue here. But I still think it should be changed......And thanks for your last post B.U. I thought this was something new.....
 
Like what? When a bailbondsman kicks in a door to arrest a violator? Ever see any of them charged


Schools? Stores? Your mechanic? Your maid? All poor examples Frank and you know it. Schools: in loco parentis. The rest are invitees or you have granted permission. There is no tresspass for an invitee.

How about when the bondsman kicks in your door instead of your neighbor's?

How about the cop who performs an illegal search & seizure, only to have the person he searched later cleared and found innocent in a court of law?
 
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How about when the bondsman kicks in your door instead of your neighbor's?

Sure, that's a good example. Ever see one of them charged criminally? Trespassing? Nope, doens't fit the elements as far as I know. Burglary? Nope, no intent. Malicious destruction of property? Nope, no intent there either. Civil remedy? Yep. Same thing that I would propose for a cop who makes a stop with what turns out to be no reasonable suspicion and seizes dope. Let the guy sue him from jail and collect a settlement commeasurate with the brief inconvenience of being stopped prior to the dope being found, and any humiliation the stop caused him, prior to the dope being found. If the stop was found to be malicious, charge him criminally. This would motivate cops to know the law a lot better than merely letting the dope man walk.

How about the cop who performs an illegal search & seizure, only to have the person he searched later cleared and found innocent in a court of law?

Depends, how was the search improper? Did he lie on the affidavit? If he did, he should be prosecuted.

As far as my other examples: Do you invite your mechanic to rummage through your glove box when you take your car in to have the headlight replaced? Invite your maid to go through the basement when her job is to only clean upstairs? Ever see any of them charged for improper searches when there was no larceny that took place?
 
"The stop was determined to be unreasonable, not unlawful."

Last I checked my constitution, unreasonable stops/searches/seizures actually are unlawful. And if that is unlawful, the entire chain of events that follow from it are also unlawful.

"The dope found was not found on Swindle, remember he chucked it out of his window while driving."

You may have a point here. If it can be established independently of the stop that this bag of contraband was in fact thrown from the vehicle seperate and apart from the illegal stop, then there is a case. I'm not so certain that is what transpired, however. It sounds to me like the smart thing for Swindle to have done would have been to have kept it on his person, at which time it really should have been suppressed. Of course, he had no idea that the stop was in fact illegal, so I guess he figured he had nothing to lose.

All of which has nothing to do with the arguments being made by some here, that illegally obtained evidence is still somehow admissable.

"Like what? When a bailbondsman kicks in a door to arrest a violator?"

Bad analogy. The constitutional protections that we take for granted do not apply to bail bondsmen, who are private operators and have pre-signed contractual waivers that allow them to do just that. Such constitutional guarantees are limited to protecting people from the government.

"Teachers searching lockers in school without the students' consent?"

You have a point here. Two wrongs do not make a right. Just because they get away with it doesn't make it right.

"Store security guards going through your packages?"

They are private employees, not government agents. They are not bound by constitutional guarantees. Because they are employees of the landowners, they have "property ownership" rights to do exactly that.

"Your mechanic turing over a kilo of cocaine that he found under your seat?"

That is entirely within his rights. You implicity gave your permission to look over the vehicle, so there is no tresspass. Again, he is not a government agent. He can, however call a government body, which can start the ball rolling on legal prosecution. They could start surveilance.

"The maid taking a picture of the pot plant growing in your basement?"

She is not a LEO, so her taking a picture of the plant is not covered by the constitution. If she were to turn this picture over to the authorities, they would have grounds to begin surveilance. If the authorities were to break into the house without cause or warrant, such a picture would be inadmissable. She has the right to be there and be looking around as implied terms of her employment.

"I'd be willing to subject a police officers to civil sanctions when a court determines that the search was unconstitutional. Same goes for criminal if the court determines that the search or seizure was malicious even IF there was a conviction. Whether or not there was a conviction has nothing to do with it."

Correct. So would I.

"I don't thing many people here can speak for the "average citizen". Then again, maybe it's a regional thing. I live just outside Detroit. I'm pretty sure that the average citizen here would be perfectly content to get rid of the exclusionary rule and go with my system. Maybe they'll name the next rule after me..."

A> I'm about as average of a citizen as they come. And rhetoric like what you have been giving is just plain SCARY. There's nothing reassuring about "The Ends Justify The Means", that the constitution does not really mean what it says, and that there's some implied standard that says that we have to allow the police to bend the rules. Terrifying Police State Logic. That's what it is.
B> I can't say about the regionalities, but I might be able to attribute it to the political landscape. I would expect much more tolerance for your viewpoint in "Blue America" than I would in "Red America", for various reasons I'm not going to go into here at this time. Suffice it to say that the logic you bring may be winked at in Fulton Co. and DeKalb Co (Atlanta proper, blue), but not here in Cobb Co (just outside of Atlanta, suburban, red). In this part of town, there is a general healthy mistrust of government in general. As it should be.
 
"Schools: in loco parentis."

I'll go with that only if they have signed permission from the parents demonstrating that they are actually acting on the parents' authority. Last I checked, they don't bother to get such permission, hence they are acting as agents of the state, usurping the parental authority. The constitutional protections do apply in this case.
 
Sure, that's a good example. Ever see one of them charged criminally? Trespassing? Nope, doens't fit the elements as far as I know. Burglary? Nope, no intent. Malicious destruction of property? Nope, no intent there either.

Frank, I find it hard to believe that you wouldn't arrest someone you saw breraking into a home by kicking the door down. Call it B&E or tresspass.

But you still neglected to mention the detainment. Lets say you (as a police officer) kick in someone's door to illegally seize a gun you believe to be illegally possessed. You didn't get a warrant because you think its a drug house and you just had a 'hunch'. And as you've said you would like, there is no exclusionary rule so there's little deterrent for such behavior. The gun becomes evidence since there's no exclusionary rule. Now how do you compensate and make whole the homeowner whose door you just kicked in and held gun to their head when it comes out later that their gun was legal and they had a permit, and the 'drugs' they possessed were either legaly possessed or not actually drugs.

I submit to you that if you knew in advance that if you didn't get a warrant any evidence illegally obtained would be excluded would be enough to make you do the right thing and get the warrant before kicking in the door. Of course if there's no exclusionary rule, why should there be any difference between the way that would be dealt with and the way any common criminal breaking into your home and holding you at gunpoint while he rummaged through your belongings?
 
So let's not go making sweeping statements about how any cop worth his salt would disregard any "unconstitutional order."

What's that saying.... ignorance of the law is no excuse? Ignorance of the Constitution in no excuse IMNSHO.

Frank,

To set the record straight, I was not comparing you to the Nazies, just their defense during the Nuremberg Trials. I was comparing the "we were just following orders" to your "they were just following orders" when they tramp on the Rights of the People.

As for not busting a KNOWN drug house and then you state that "well, this takes time". Is it normal for a KNOWN drug house to be leased out or people allowed to move in hours after a drug bust? Here, the house is placed off limits and then searched and cleaned because most are meth houses and so by state law they have to be cleaned before occupancy. PC is already establised for patrol LEO's to go into the house due to tresspassing.

It's not the fact that this guy was busted and I'm sure that he would have been put into jail for the other infractions that he did. The main point that the people here are upset about is the way that unconstitutional laws are upheld, how many in authority can get by with unlawful acts, and how sometimes the attitudes, as it comes across in text, seem to be "whatever it takes, even if it is unlawful/unconstitutional".

As Rich pointed out, from reading other posts that you've made I take you as one of the good guys also. It's just that when any law is allowed to be broken by someone in authority and if any Right is tramped upon, it does get the dander up of us civilians.

Wayne
 
"Sorry all, there is not even an exclusionary rule issue here. But I still think it should be changed."

Agreed, this appears to not be an exclusionary rule issue, even though the guy was illegally stopped. Point granted.

But the exclusionary rule itself is vital to us, even though you might not like it. No Change, even if it might be an inconvenience to you LEOs. It is there to keep YOU honest.

There is a principle of our form of government that it is better that a guilty man walk than an innocent man be incarcerated. It is better to allow a guilty man to walk than it is for the government itself to break the law. It is maintaining the moral high road. It is respecting the principles our forefathers struggled for. Please keep this in mind.
 
But the exclusionary rule itself is vital to us, even though you might not like it. No Change, even if it might be an inconvenience to you LEOs. It is there to keep YOU honest.

There is a principle of our form of government that it is better that a guilty man walk than an innocent man be incarcerated. It is better to allow a guilty man to walk than it is for the government itself to break the law. It is maintaining the moral high road. It is respecting the principles our forefathers struggled for. Please keep this in mind.

Well said gb. I've been trying to find the words, but failing miserably as I'm too busy with work to give this my full attention.
 
Agreed, this appears to not be an exclusionary rule issue, even though the guy was illegally stopped.

Well, in the context of Hodari which has been around since 1991, and Terry V. Ohio, which has been around since 1968, and Florida V. Bostick, how exactly was this an unconstitutional seizure? He was not seized until after he tossed the contraband giving the police at LEAST reasonable suspicion to stop him. Would he have been seized if he had never stopped and the cop swerved around him and gone after the guy a block ahead who ran a stop sign?

There is a principle of our form of government that it is better that a guilty man walk than an innocent man be incarcerated.

A cliche. What does it have to do with the exclusionary rule? The exclusionary rule has nothing to do with determining guilt or innocence. How is the guy with a kilo of crack in his suitcase that is improperly seized any less guilty than the guy with the kilo of crack in his suitcase that is seized with a search warrant?
 
One of the best debates I've seen on TFL in a while.

Mainly due to you, Frank. Class Act.
Most of us don't agree with your conclusions or your position. But your grasp of the issues are un-disputable; and your ability to remain calm under fire, undeniable.

Carry on, all of you. I'm learning far more than I could ever teach here. Thanks much.
Rich

ps to Frank: I still disagree. :p
 
Why thank you Rich.

Here's a question: I'm sure you would agree that it's not against the law to run down the street when you see a police car a block away. Maybe you got your butt kicked by the white police when you were kid. "I was scared, so I ran!" (That's what a lot of people who run from the police seem to say) Why should it be improper for the police to run alongside you, not touching you until you toss a gun? The police can run alongside you, can't they?


How about this one: You're wanted for murder and are at your friend's house at noon having just arrived. Your friend gets a phone call that says the family of the guy you're wanted for killing are on the way over, and they all have shotguns and Uzi's. You bolt out the backdoor, into the alley, and into the waiting arms of officer Drebin who is laughing at you with a cell phone in his hands, and who saw you toss the gun onto the roof of your pal's house. Is THAT an unlawful seizure? The police induced you to run by lying, without touching you or seizing you in any way, and caught you after you ran.

You're driving to work and a police car behind you puts the overhead lights on. You pull over into the next lane and the police car goes past you to whatever run they were just dispatched to. Had you just been constitutionally seized? Is yielding to an emergency vehicle a seizure in the eyes of the court?
 
Yes, I must agreee, this has been a good thread. Many disagreements, but good case law study. Which is why these laws are brought to SCOTUS all the time, b/c citizens disagree with the laws. It appears Frank and I are back to back on this issue. Nonetheless, I don't feel anyone here has overstepped the bounds of good debate (which I, unfortuantely, have done a few times).
 
I would expect much more tolerance for your viewpoint in "Blue America" than I would in "Red America", for various reasons I'm not going to go into here at this time. Suffice it to say that the logic you bring may be winked at in Fulton Co. and DeKalb Co (Atlanta proper, blue), but not here in Cobb Co (just outside of Atlanta, suburban, red). In this part of town, there is a general healthy mistrust of government in general. As it should be.

Well, I don't know about that....Around here people from the red area are the ones most likely to call and say: "There's a suspicious man walking down the street" and expect the police to do something about it. Then, when the police drive by and don't stop the suspicious man, the "Red" calls back and demands to speak to a supervisor: "Why didn't that officer do anything." Well, what was the problem ma'am? "There was a SUSPICIOUS man walking down my street and it's 2:00am!!!" What was he doing? "Nothing, he was just suspicous walking down the street at 2:00am after the bars had closed!" Well, what about him was suspicous? "He was six-two and black, and there aren't any black people who live around here!" Very typical complaint from a lot of the "red" areas. They'd be the first to toss the constitution out the window when you toss that "suspicious" man and take a gun, crowbar and a little black mask out of his pocket, like the hamburgler wears, based only on their "suspicous man" call.
 
How is the guy with a kilo of crack in his suitcase that is improperly seized any less guilty than the guy with the kilo of crack in his suitcase that is seized with a search warrant?

Because until a court of law, not a law enforcement officer, determines guilt or innocence, neither are guilty. You're possibly violating right of people you don't know to be guilty. Chances are you're right, but my concern is not for the guilty but for the 1% of the time you're wrong and severely interfere with an innocent man's rights. Thats why we have Constitutional protections against unreasonable searches and seizures and an exclusionary rule to provide a disincentive for government to violate such Constitutional protections.

Frank, let me put this in a perspective thats probably a little closer to all our hearts; the now defunct assault weapons ban of 1994. Should such legislation ever be passed again, would you be content if the federal government went through all the 4473's they could get from their files, dealer inspections, and subpoenas and started kicking in doors without warrants to collect "illegal" guns and charge the owners? (And lets be honest here, even a warrant based upon an old 4473 might not rise to the level of probable cause since the weapon in question could have easily been sold or transfered, and it doesn't indicate specific features of the weapon. Either way, with no warrant or a faulty warrant based upon old information, it would be "illegally seized".) Would you be there kicking in the doors too, saying "So what?" How is the guy with an AR15 in his house that is improperly seized any less guilty than the guy with the AR15 in his house that is seized with a search warrant? I doubt it.
 
Because until a court of law, not a law enforcement officer, determines guilt or innocence, neither are guilty.

They're BOTH guilty. But until a court makes a determination, they are PRESUMED innocent. You are NOT innocent of murder after you kill someone in a hold-up just because you are never caught.

if the federal government went through all the 4473's they could get from their files, dealer inspections, and subpoenas and started kicking in doors without warrants to collect "illegal" guns and charge the owners?

Were guns purchased pre-ban with bayonet lugs, collapsible stocks and pistol grips illegal during the ban?
 
They're BOTH guilty. But until a court makes a determination, they are PRESUMED innocent. You are NOT innocent of murder after you kill someone in a hold-up just because you are never caught.

No Frank. Not until the state meets its burden of proof. If I kill someone and get off because of poor policework or poor lawyering on the part of the prosecutor, you may think I'm guilty - you may even know I really did it, but as far as the government is concerned, I'd be innocent and no penalty of guilt would attach.
 
Were guns purchased pre-ban with bayonet lugs, collapsible stocks and pistol grips illegal during the ban?

Absoluetly. But if you read the law, you'd know ALL pre-ban configured weapons were illegal regardless of the date of manufacture and it was a defense that it was a "pre-ban". Thats not how the law was actually enforced, but thats how it was written.
 
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