Here is my breakdown on the choices you gave us.
10
To much recoil and ammo no readily available in all areas
12
Definitely an all round good gauge. Recoil can be excessive for some
16
A dying gauge, not readily available in most areas.
20
This would be my choice. Reasonable recoil, handle most small game well and does well will deer slugs. In other words if you need it for self defense, home defense or survival it works well.
28
Typically used for sporting shoots like skeet or sporting clays. Not a gauge you find with a wide range of shot sizes.
410
Getting harder to find ammo for this gauge. Does not have a wide pattern for birds or self defense.
Jim