1. Not a lot. Recoil characteristics have been covered. For a defense round, with properly constructed bullets - they are probably very, very close. For target work - probably an expensive .45 would give you an edge, out of the box.
2. There ain't none. The quietest I could think of (without a silencer) would be a relatively long barreled revolver shooting .22 CB. Even then I'd recommend hearing protectors. With good hearing protectors you can shoot any of them safely (as far as your personal hearing goes). If you're contemplating something like a basement range - cover the walls with egg cartons, get a good bullet trap and stick with .22s. Unless you have a really, really big basement. If you have a big basement you can construct an indoor range (even for .357) that will be safe and that won't bother your neighbors - but we aren't talking low budget. Nor have I mentioned any possible state/city ordinances - which you should not ignore if you ever want to have a CCW permit (and we won't mention the interium legal fees).
3. Generally you get what you pay for. For a new gun Ruger gives you about the best quality (works out of the box) in the medium price range. Trarus is good for both revolvers and autos - but doesn't have quite the rep for reliability that Ruger does - and, until recently, the fit and finish wasn't as good. The low budget guns (Raven, Jennings, Phoenix, et alia) are very spotty. Some will work very well (I have a Jennings .22 that functions flawlessly with almost anything you feed it), but you may go through 2, 3 or more before you get one that is "just right". I have a Kimber PRO CDP that shot way, way off point of aim out of the box - it took a trip back to the factory to cure that). If you are a gambler, you might bingo on the first one you run across. Then again you might well run more than the price of a Ruger or Trarus in getting one that works.
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Jim Fox
[This message has been edited by JimFox (edited October 14, 2000).]