Matt's given some good reasons for residency, but there's a down side as well. In this business, you do make enemies. People don't like being arrested, even when it was well justified, and some of those will resort to a coward's way of retaliating. I have a bullet hole through my kitchen window to prove it. (I wasn't home at the time, or someone would've paid dearly
) Other officers here have had their families threatened, and there was one failed attempt to put a Molotov cocktail through the window of another officer's home around 0300.
In bigger cities like Chicago, a cop has no problem living in town and remaining somewhat anonymous. In smaller cities like mine though, it's no problem to find out where an officer lives.
The other down side to residency is burnout. If you live in the same neighborhood you patrol, your mind (and sometimes body) is on duty 24/7. You'll find yourself coming home from the movies, driving and looking between buildings as if you were on patrol. When you pull up to a stop 'n' rob, you'll find yourself eyeballing the interior before you enter, just in case. If you're in a grocery store and a clerk spots some idiot shoplifting, everyone knows you, and the clerk gives you that "Well? Aren't you going to arrest this guy?" look. That's the case even when your wife & kids are with you.
When I go home at the end of watch, I don't want to listen to my neighbor whine about a ticket he got; I don't want to look at a guy walking down my street knowing there's a bench warrant for his arrest, and most of all, I'm sick to death of listening to sirens, because I know that wail is proclaiming someone's fear, pain or sorrow.
After 25 years on this dept., I need time to myself. I want to sit down in surroundings that don't remind me of Duty, or feel pressure to act. I certainly don't want to live in Condition Orange 24/7. And I also realize that I'm burnt out, but that's what comes of living in the same area you work, day after day, year after year.
Those are some of the reasons why Ohio is one of many states (albeit a late comer) that has outlawed residency requirements for law enforcement officers. Community policing, including residency, is a great thing, and it definitely does help narrow the Gap, but for some of us in this business, it also comes with a high price.
Sorry if all this comes off as somewhat emotional, but I've been actively involved in the fight to overturn residency requirements for two decades, and being forced to live where I do has cost me dearly in several personal ways.