First, what kind of rifle? There are semi-auto rifles in handgun calibers (Hi-Point makes them in 9mm and .40 S&W). There are also several lever action rifles in .38 Special, .357, .44-40, .45 Colt. I don't recall off hand a bolt action rifle in a handgun caliber (except .22 LR), but there may be some. The semi-auto Marlin Camp Carbine is no longer made, but used ones are around in some numbers.
There are some more exotic guns, like semi-auto versions of the Thompson submachinegun and STEN, but I assume you are looking for something more conventional and commercially available.
Jim