A few things come into play here.
The first, which has already been covered in this thread is the difference in the amount of powder space available / used between the rounds. In most given powders for similar bullet weights the 357 uses around 50% more powder. For the biggest difference, the 357 uses powders generally regarded as too slow for the 9mm and these powders are used in even larger charges.
The second and more importantly, the semi auto actions are almost exclusively blow back actions. You are stuck using powders and in amounts that work these actions without beating them to death. You are also utilizing a fair amount of energy to overcome the friction of expanding brass in the chamber and actuate the heavy weight bolt and spring assemblies. Compared to the difference of loss at the cylinder gap of a revolver and the losses here is night and day.
Third, a revolver caliber carbine goes from a cylinder gap loss system in a revolver to a sealed chamber system in a rifle. The gap losses are now added to the energy available to push the bullet. Vis A Vis a pistol in which you start with a certain amount of loss moving the locked slide / barrel and now we add the losses at the breech when you have a blowback pulling the brass out when there is still pressure in the barrel. The slower the powder used, the more this exacerbates the loss effect.
Fourth, in a semi auto carbine, if you are on the too slow end of powders and in bigger charges you can be spending energy deforming the brass as it comes out of the breech.
When you add all of these losses up, you have bigger losses in the semi auto system vs. the locked breech / revolver system.
