As others have noted, it is the weight of the bullet.
Normally.
In some older cartridges, the cartridge would be known by the caliber followed by the weight of the propellant (black powder rounds primarily).
Examples of this include:
- .25-20
- .44-40
- .38-40
- .45-70
- .45-110
A few rounds from the transitional era of black to smokeless powder used this type of nomenclature, but actually referred to the weight of the charge in smokeless powder.
These included:
Now, finally, there is a variation on this kind of nomenclature, almost always with rifle rounds, in which the bullet weight was tacked onto the first two sets of numbers.
Examples of this include:
- .45-70-405
- .30-40-220
- .25-35-117
This last way of naming a cartridge was normally only used on ammo packaging and in advertising materials, but you might occasionally see references to it in print.
Somehow I suspect that that was a lot more than what you wanted to know!