Military discharge in the United States
The Department of Defense technically refers to a military discharge as separation. There are two basic types of separation, administrative separations and punitive separations. Punitive separations occur as part of punishment for a crime, while all other types of discharges are considered administrative.
Reasons For Discharge
Under almost all conditions, whenever and however a member of the armed forces leaves the military, he or she receives a discharge. Some of the reasons for receiving a discharge are as follows:
· Expiration of enlistment
· Disability, dependency, or hardship
· Fulfillment of service obligation
· Convenience of the government
· Unsuitability
If discharged for any of the above reasons, the servicemember will receive an honorable or a general discharge.
Types of discharge
Honorable
To receive an honorable discharge, a servicemember must have received a rating from good to excellent for his or her service. Servicemembers who meet or exceed the required standards of duty performance and personal conduct, and who complete their tours of duty, receive honorable discharges. Some servicemembers who ordinarily would only qualify for other discharges (for example, as a result of past misconduct) may receive honorable discharges under two circumstances: separation because of a disability incurred in the line of duty, and the receipt of awards for gallantry in action, heroism, or other meritorious service.
General (Under Honorable Conditions)
General discharges are given to servicemembers whose performance is satisfactory but not up to the standards of a honorable discharge. This is usually given to those who must leave the service for nonmedical reasons before the end of their tour of duty, or for servicemembers who have had frequent nonjudicial punishments but not serious infractions. If there are infractions of discipline, the seriousness and frequency are evaluated, with the benefit of the doubt going to a honorable discharge. The reasons for a general discharge must be disclosed to the servicemember.
Servicemembers are required to sign documents acknowledging that "substantial prejudice in civilian life" may be encountered under a general discharge under honorable conditions. [1] Despite this, some personnel think because a general discharge is given under honorable conditions, it is as good as the honorable discharge itself. However, general discharge under honorable conditions precludes participation in the GI Bill, service on veteran's commissions, and other programs where honorable discharge is required.
Other than honorable discharge (OTH)
These are administrative separations given to those who are separated for misconduct, fraudulent entry, homosexual conduct, or in lieu of trial by court-martial. It is given to servicemembers who have a pattern of behavior that constitutes a significant departure from military norms, or serious acts or omissions that depart from military norms. Although there is no court martial, a discharged servicemember is allowed the right to appeal to an administrative discharge board. The majority of veterans' benefits are not available to individuals with other than honorable discharges.
Bad Conduct (BCD)
Bad conduct discharges are given to servicemembers after a general or special court-martial. Vested benefits from a prior period of honorable service are not forfeited by receipt of a bad conduct discharge, but virtually all other benefits are lost.
Dishonorable
Dishonorable discharges are given to servicemembers for dishonorable conduct. They are given only by a general court-martial for serious offenses calling for dishonorable separation as part of the punishment. All benefits earned during any time of service can be lost.
Entry level separation (ELS)
Entry level separation, or uncharacterized discharge, is given to individuals in their first 180 days of military service. It does not attempt to characterize their service as good or bad; however, punitive and/or administrative discharges may be given to servicemembers within their first 180 days for serious misconduct.
Commissioned officers
Commissioned officers cannot be reduced in rank by a court-martial, nor can they be given a bad conduct discharge or a dishonorable discharge. If an officer is convicted by a General Court-Martial of an offense and qualifies for a punitive discharge, then the General Court-Martial can sentence the officer to a "dismissal." This is considered to be the same as a dishonorable discharge. The President of the United States can order that a commissioned officer be dismissed from the service, as all commissioned officers "serve at the pleasure of the President." However an officer who is dismissed by order of the President can demand a trial by court-martial to clear his or her name. If a court-martial is not convened, or if the officer is acquitted, then the Service Secretary of the branch that the officer is assigned to must then issue an administrative discharge in lieu of a dismissal.
Appeal procedures ...