Howdy
Yes you can, I've been doing it for years.
A couple of caveats.
You will need a different shell holder or shell plate than what you use to load 45 Colt. Although the diameter of the 45 Schofield Case is the same as the 45 Colt, the rim diameter is not. 45 Colt rims generally run about .512 in diameter. 45 Schofield rims run about .520 in diameter. This dates back to the origin of the 45 Schofield round, when the tiny rim of the 45 Colt would not give the extractor of the Schofield revolver enough purchase to reliably extract the empties, so the rim diameter was made large enough for the Schofield extractor to grab the rim. Not a problem with 45 Colt since the ejector of a Colt poked the empties out from the inside. If you are loading on a single stage press you can buy a shell holder for 45 Schofield without spending too much. It is easy to find one by looking at the charts by Lyman or RCBS. For Hornady it is #41 and costs about $5.00.
When I started loading 45 Schofield I decided to set up a 45 Colt set of dies specifically for 45 Schofield, so I would not have to be changing the settings of my 45 Colt dies back and forth every time I wanted to change cartridges.
I bought a set of Hornady 45 Colt dies. I set them up specifically to load 45 Schofield and marked the box that way.
I load all my revolver cartridges on a Hornady Lock & Load AP progressive press, and I was able to 'unscrew' this set of dies enough so that I did not have to grind down the bottom of the seating/crimp die to load the shorter Schofield brass. You can see the seating crimp die, on the left in this photo, extending slightly out of the Hornady collet
Your mileage may vary, depending on what brand of 45 Colt dies you are using, and depending on what press you are using. Worst case, you will have to grind down (up) the bottom of the seating/crimp die so you can screw it down far enough in your press for the Schofield case to be crimped by the crimping feature of the die. If you decide to do this it should not affect seating and crimping 45 Colt, of course you will still have to reset the die for each round.
Of course today, several companies such as Lee and RCBS make dies specifically for reloading 45 Schofield.