Lead bullets tap out, but jacketed bullets can get wedged in harder.
So for those, I put oil in the bore and hit the oil with the cleaning rod, and the oil pushes on the bullet.
I know a guy that was hunting with his rifle bullet jammed into the lands. At the end of the day, he tried to pull the round out, but the bullet stayed in the lands and powder spilled all over the action.
No one in the hunting camp had a cleaning rod to get the stuck bullet out.
But they did have pliers, and pulled the bullet and powder out of another cartridge. They put two rifles muzzle to muzzle. One fired a primer and the other got the bullet pushed back out of the lands.