Yes.
It wasn't uncommon for cartridges to be "renamed" to match the local nomenclature.
In Europe English and American cartridges were almost always usually renamed to take on the metric nomenclature common there.
The .404 Jeffrey, a staple of the African and Indian gun trades, was known in Europe as the 10.75x73mm.
In Germany the .25-35 Winchester became very popular in combination rifles as the 6.5x52mm R.
Cartridges that are developed in Europe and which are adopted in the United States seem to, more often than not, retain either their entire name, or elements of it.
The 7mm Mauser and 8mm Mauser and 9mm Luger, for example, all retained the metric bullet measurement, but added on a the Mauser and Luger names.
That said, there may have been minor chamber variations that crept in during the conversion of dimensions for the chambering reamers from metric to Imperial measurements, but they were minor at best and European ammunition will fire perfectly through a .275 chamber, and vice versa.