A properly fitted set of vise jaws and a proper barrel vise shouldn't need rosin.
The reason barrels turn in the set up is because either the jaw inserts don't fit correctly or the barrel vise just doesn't have the gripping power needed.
Before attempting barrel removal, use a solvent like lacquer thinner or alcohol to thoroughly clean the barrel and the inside of whatever type of barrel jaws you're using to remove all lube and any dirt or grit.
If the jaws don't fit correctly or are improper types to start with, or the barrel vise just isn't up to it, no rosin or other treatment will really help.
Talc or baby powder are unsuitable.