Very popular at one time, in the US and Europe, indoor target shooting in your living room, aka the parlor.
Small bore, rimfire (usually) intended for use with cartridges powered only by the primer. Great fun on Sunday, after church.
Might also be useful to dispatch an enraged rodent, if it were a small one. Not recommended though, they were usually only single shots! Beware the charge of the wounded beast! Sometimes they were forced to go hand to hand with them. That's why you have a foot of steel barrel, to make a respectable club!