Not bulletproof, but bullet resistent
Different kinds? Yes. It all depends on the materials being used. Not all are glass. Most involve multiple layers of material, usually inclusive of an outer and inner side layer of clear polymer that helps hold the broken bits in place, helping preclude them from showering the inside of the vehicle.
Stand up to the highest power rifle? Possible, yes, but not really practical. I think the highest rated I have seen is supposed to hold up to multiple hits from .308, but I don't recall if that was just ball or was AP. I have seen .50 BMG AP shot at bank glass (Lexan, I think) of several inches thickness and the round getting through almost trouble free.
Getting glass to protect against ballistic insults for a car is stupid without also getting the rest of the car armored. The glass won't do you any good if you are shot through the sheet metal of the door.
I seem to recall a company in San Antonio that modifies vehicles for ballistic and explosive insults. Because of the tremendous weight of the materials added to make the vehicle safe, changes have to be made in the brakes, transmission, engine cooling, suspension, etc. I have seen costs up to $100K and that is with the customer providing the vehicle.
Note that ballistic "glass" is much thicker than regular automotive glass. Some is as much as 1" or more thick. So the car must be modified to accomodate the glass.