Every bolt action I can think of has something that functions as the bolt stop. From the budget single shot .22 through milsurps to modern sporting bolt guns, ALL of them have something that keeps you from just pulling the bolt out when you pull it back.
Some .22s use the "sear" or the sear part of the trigger, etc. Which is not automatically such a bad thing, if you think about it.
First, there isn't all that much force involved when you cycle a .22 bolt action. The short bolt throw (travel distance), and relatively small bolt mass really doesn't give you much force when operated by hand.
Second, what impact there is on the sear, functioning as the bolt stop would be on the FRONT of the sear (muzzle side), not the back, where the critical sear/firing pin engagement is.
Maybe not so good an idea for a center fire, with its heavier bolt, and much longer "running room", but .22s have been made that way for well over a century, without it being a serious issue.
The Mausers, and several other contemporary designs incorporate the ejector into the bolt stop assy. It may even be the same part. More modern designs usually don't, the bolt stop assy having no other function than to retain the bolt in the action.
The guns we call milrsurps (and civilian models based on them) were designed and built to be robust, bolts were expected to be slammed back and forth by soldiers in combat, and were made to take the pounding. Things do break, sometimes, everything does, but the bolt stop is one of the parts that usually breaks less than other, harder worked parts in these guns.
In the early 70's, I "broke" the bolt stop on a Remington 600. Childish ignorance and sloppy reloading practices resulted in a HORRENDOUS overload, estimated at 110,000psi +. The case ruptured, and venting gas broke the extractor & pin, the bolt stop pin, and the sear pin. (also hit me in the cheek ALWAYS WEAR EYE PROTECTION!!!!!).
The bolt stop itself did not break, just the pin that it was mounted and pivoted on. The rifle was repaired, and I still have it 40 years later, still fully functional. (and me, more than a bit wiser about the incident). In fact, that Remington carbine has held up better over the last 40+ years than I have!