It's rarely material cost that makes up the difference. There's likely just an ounce or two in finished weight 5.56 vs. .308, mostly in the larger mag well (no, lowers aren't interchangeably the same.)
What costs a lot more is to change out the forging dies, then run a few hundred lowers that sell much more slowly. 5.56 dies are simply left in the machine until they wear out stamping tens of thousands of platters. They get the money out of them. .308 dies will take 10 times longer.
Same on the CNC setup, load the program, add the different sized platters, and machine a few hundred. 5.56? Some CNC machines never get a program change. No extra set up fees or down time.
BCG's, bolts, etc. .308 parts necessary for it's specific make are low production, high cost items. There's no government contract to compete for, very few offshore sales, and a small market in American. Nine million ARs/M16s/M4's have been built, only thousands of AR10's in comparison.
Having a custom knife made to your desire is labor, about $4-600. The same materials finished in a production knife, same lock, same style, $85. Ask yourself, do you get what you pay for? In utility, maybe not. The knives are the same, the AR10 vs AR15, same - you launch a bullet.
Reality is, you can't EDC a 10" Bowie well, and large caliber AR's have their costs and drawbacks, too.