"it's so similar in size and shape that apparently people can even fire the .243 in a 6mm chamber without catastrophic consequences."
You mean like you can fire .308 in a .30-06 chamber without catastrophic consequences?
"The .308 isn't even recommended for a lot of powders used in the 06."
Beg your pardon?
A lot?
The Hodgdon reloading site lists 21 powder choices for a 165-gr. Hornady Gmax bullet (arbitrary choice)
Using the same bullet, the .308 data lists 15 powders, leaving 6 that aren't common between the two.
The big question is, though, are those powders not recommended, or were they just not tested/included in the loading data, but are still suitable choices for the .308...
That's a question that only the Hodgdon can answer, but don't.
Accurate Arm's loading manual shows a slightly different scenario... They show 13 powders as recommended for .308, but only 8 for .30-06.
Personally, I'm thinking it's less a case of a powder being unsuitable for either cartridge, and more that it's a case of "not the best possible choice, so we didn't include it."
TJ is more right than wrong about the .30-06 and .308.