1)Older cartridges ,woodchuck cartridges,have been around a long time.Bullets have been around a long time for these cartridges.One of the ancestors of the .223 was the .222.The .222 would typically have a slower 12 or 14 twist.Accuracy and high velocity would be had with bullets in the 45 gr range
2)n the 60's.the 5.56/223 came on scene to feed the AR-15/M-16.That was set up with a 12 in twist for 55 gr bullets
3)Later,the military upped the bullet weight and tightened the twist for the 5.56.There are developmental variants,and I do not want to quibble the fine ponts.I think 62 gr is the standard for NATO now.A 1 in 9 will stabilize that,I have found a 1 in 9 stabilizes 69 ghr MK's and Nosler Comps fine for me.
Twists of 1 in 7 are common in the M-4 SPR,DMR,and match rifles.Heavier bullets,such as the 77 gr MK,give the military better long range penetration .
Both the Military and match shooters find they buck wind better.
Generally,in a rifle designated .223 you will have a slower twist for lighter bullets.Lilely they will be throated shorter for better accuracy with lighter bullets,Heavier bullets may jam the rifling.
With the exception of early rifles,todays 5.56 designated rifles will typoically have a twist of 1 in 9 or faster,and the throat will accomodate most bullets thnat can be mag loaded.
Some bullets,such as the Hornady 75 gr A-max,and some 75 gr+ VLD's,and the 80 gr plus bullets,cannot be loaded short enough for AR mags.These are used in matches in AR type rifles single loaded
If you are shooting varmints and want an expanding bullet,about 60 gr is the heaviest I know of.
Very generally,.223 will be more about lighter varmint bullets and slow twist,and 5.56 will take you more toward tighter twists and heavier bullets for target or military use.
No hard and fast rules,but,an answer to your question.